As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. While Gottlieb was looking for better sources of LSD, the CIAs ARTICHOKE committee developed concern that for-agency personnel might, Lill &I t h e influence of drugs, reveal top-secret information to outsiders. Mr. Sejna, a former Czech defense official, had access to information about medical experiments carried out on American prisoners of war by Russian and Czech personnel in a hospital in North Korea during the war. Experiments. U.S. News & World Report. If the United States took advantage of tragic accidents to make its anthrax deadlier, those experiments were mirrored at least once in the Soviet program. The letter was from The Diplomat Motor Hotel, in Ocean City, Maryland. Eric Olsons house and Eric would be the first to admit this could do with some re-decoration. The man in the room had called a number out on Long Island while she had listened in. All such improvised weapons have the important advantage of availability and apparent innocence. In June 1994, 41 years after Frank Olsons burial, Eric watched as a steam shovel began to dredge up the earth at his fathers grave. quietly dropped the case (the New York D.A.s office has declined to comment, citing grand jury secrecy). We used to get intelligence reports telling me what my Russian counterpart was doing, Walter said. In 1959 Bateson, in turn, helped arrange for a beat poet friend of his named Allen Ginsberg to take the drug at a research program located off the Stanford campus. Olson was in serious trouble and needed immediate professional attention. Agreeing to make the appropriate arrangements, Lashbrook then phoned Gottlieb. Eleven months later, the CIA claimed another victim. Afterwards, he makes his judgment: 36.05 Voice of Prof. James Starrs/George Washington University: 38.58 10.33 He was soon working in a new and highly secretive subgroup: the Special Operations Division (SOD). He still has an office here in Fort Detrick, in the US armys center for biological weapons. A new term had entered the lexicon: brainwashing.At show trials in Eastern Europe, dazed defendants had admitted to crimes they hadnt committed. According to Ruwet, Abramson prescribed the use of sedatives and a high-ball to relieve Olsons mental distress. They [the police] told me he was on LSD and had been acting aberrant and erratic for a while. Before long, I got a callthis time from White, Feldman continued. ''Give me the lowdown. For just under half a century the death of Frank Olson has been a weighty burden for the Olson family. My present address is above.[13]He made no comment on how such an error could occur on such a confidential issue. However, he said it was recommended that he obtain treatment for some newly emergent behavioral problems he was having. These problems concern the application of the magicians technique to clandestine operations, such techniques to include surreptitious delivery of materials, deceptive movements and actions to cover normally prohibited activities, influencing choices and perceptions of other persons, various forms of disguise; covert signaling systems, etc[34], That August the Agency extended its financial arrangement with the magician for another year. Except in terroristic assassinations, it is desirable that the assassin be transient in the area. Youre kidding, Kreh said. We joked about it., He said, Theyre trying to find out what kind of guy I am. Designed to mimic a disease endemic to the Congo, the virus was cultured specifically for its lethal effect. I am also aware that there are those who refuse to speak because they view the subject under inquiry as too well rung to have any value in pursuing yet another time. The obviously lethal machine gun failed to kill Trotsky where an item of sporting goods succeeded. Read Hamlet, he says. In all types of assassination except terroristic, drugs can be very effective. A surprising number of counterculture veterans endorsed the notion that the CIA disseminated street acid en masse to deflate the political potency of the youth rebellion, write Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain in, The CIAs original acid dream was that LSD would open the mind to suggestion, but they found the drug too potent to manage. Suffering from ulcers, he left the Army and stayed on at Detrick as a civilian though he bridled at the Armys strict oversight. Lashbrook told the police he was awakened by the sound of breaking glass. Gottlieb knew how to mix the potions. It added a new genre for him and for the profession: the magician as lecturer. He had become part of the MKULTRA team and the Agency was already employing his knowledge and skills in a wide range of ways. They dont know yet whether Ill be one of the linchpins in Europe or the Far East., Now the man in the pencil-strip suit began his counteroffensive. The financial paper associated with sensitive projects such as this were normally kept by the branch itself under the project title, not in the files of the branchs Budget and Fiscal Section. What we call the beginning is often the end The family home, a ranch house, is in a decayed state of suspended animation -- seemingly the same carpets, same couches, same dusty jar of Vaseline in the bathroom cabinet that were there the night Frank Olson died. His brother, Nils, who was only 5 in 1953, consciously chose dentistry, the alternate career his father had considered. It would be better to get rid of him altogether but make it look like suicide. Finally, we examine the head, first examining the eyes and skin for pinpoint capillary hemorrhages (called petechiae) that may reveal evidence of strangulation. By that time the name Frank Olson had started to achieve the almost mythical status it subsequently acquired. 2001H.P. The two politicians who collaborated in the conspiracy in 1975, Rumsfeld and Cheney, are back in power. Unfortunately, these men were untraceable at this late date. New York: Grove Press, That it was Fort Detricks Special Operations Division that initiated the secret contracts with the New York State Psychiatric Institute is significant because the division was established with CIA assistance for the exclusive purposes of devising biological weapons that, according to CIA documents, could be targeted at individuals for the purposes of affecting human behavior with the objectives ranging from very temporary minor disablement to more serious and longer incapacitation to death. These purposes seriously call into question the motivations behind the experiment on Blauer. We cycled across the country.. From: Were we close? Thats too bad, came the reply. Whatever they got out of them, he didnt consider it worth a life.. At the time, Alice Wicks Olson, Franks widow, said she was satisfied with the settlement and that her family was ready to move on with their lives. After this program, some were given LSD and put in sensory deprivation boxes for another sixty-five days. If a drawn shade separated the glass from the flesh, then perhaps the shade buffered kept the glass from piercing Olsons underwear-clad body, but it is nevertheless inexplicable that we found no cuts on the front of the lower extremities from dragging across glass shards on the bottom edge of the window. Uncovering this story has been a decades-long agony for us as well. They placed an agent called George White behind a one-way mirror where he moulded, and passed up the chain of command, little models made out of pipe cleaners. But a new ARTICHOKE report was not promising as far as LSD was concerned. Frank Olson also used photography. When successfully executed, it causes little excitement and is only casually investigated. Officials responsible for the ARTICHOKE program were very concerned with the problem of disposing of blown agents and with the task of finding a way to produce amnesia in operatives who had seen too much and could no longer be relied upon. There was no record of the actual manual having been produced. None of that counterespionage where you drink out of my teacup and I drink out of yours. Investigative writer H.P. If it was a guy, you took his cock and you hit it with a hammer. This question was greeted with silence. Published inNight and Daymagazine, the Sunday supplement toThe London Mailon Aug 23, 1998. Dr. Leviskys calculations revealed three separate fracture sites: one was in the upper body, particularly the ribs and shoulders where Olson must have collided with a construction barrier at street level; another in the lower legs as they impacted the sidewalk with the forces of velocity having traveled upward to cause a book fracture in the pelvis (opening it like the pages of a book); and dissipating the upward thrust so as to protect the vertebral column from any dislodgement; and thirdly, a horizontally aligned fracture to the right temporal and parietal bones of Dr. Olsons skull, occasioned in all probability when his head hit the sidewalk after his feet had first struck the pavement and he just toppled over. I first encountered their behaviour while investigating many of the great spy scandals of the Cold War: the betrayal of Americas atomic bomb secrets by Klaus Fuchs and the compromising of Britains M15 and M16 by Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, and Kim Philby. A week or so later, Eric, Lisa, Nils and two lawyers met the C.I.A. All others received a Ph.D. from the Department of Psychology. He explains the contradiction by citing the Shakespearean son who pursues the truth about his fathers murder. In fact the 1970s version of the Frank Olson story was a story that everyone could love. James Starrs interviewed Dr. Gibson in 1994, and in 1999 I finally decided I should meet him too. His photographs also primarily show private moments. For years, Feldman had ducked reporters. The Frank Olson story, Suicide Revealed, is on the left side, about half-way down. But his plans were not to be. But it is impossible to be certain, they say, because the program was strictly compartmented: One worker didnt know what another was doing, let alone what CIA or Special Forces did with the bioweapons. Although Eric was convinced that his father had been the victim of a CIA assassination, the possible motive behind a murder had long remained the weak link in his theories. According to the CIA, Ruwet and Lashbrook had earlier taken Olson to see John Mulholland, a magician hired by the CIA to advise on the delivery of various materials to unwitting subjects i.e., on how to spike drinks with drugs or poisons. Supplyingbackground facts in order that a complete novice in the subject can appreciate the underlying reasons for the procedures suggested. Why did Olson speak of a terrible mistake he had made? But like any secret program, the Armys biowarfare operation was run on a need-to-know basis, and weapons development was not his bailiwick, Jones said. Although his family didnt know it, he had also been recruited by the CIA for a program code-named Artichoke, part of a decades-long hunt for drugs to make enemy prisoners spill their secrets. It was a front-page story, and the headline read: A civilian employee of the Department of the Army unwittingly took LSD as part of a Central Intelligence Agency test, then jumped 10 floors to his death less than a week later, according to the Rockefeller commission report released yesterday., (The Rockefeller Commission had been created to investigate CIA misdeeds in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal.). He left the Rhine-Main region three days later, on June 15. While not dismissing the analysts report entirely, the Defense Department has said it has no clear evidence that any Americans are being held against their will in North Korea, although it has pledged to continue to investigate accounts of defectors and others who say they have seen American prisoners there. Most notably, a source with connections to Israeli intelligence told the investigators that for years the Mossad had used the case of Frank Olson in its operative training program as an object lesson in the perfect murder., But as new millennium ushered itself in, it was becoming clear to Eric that the New York D.A. I think a journalist is making a big mistake in trying to get somebody to talk over the phone.. Then, in January 1973, acting on Sidney Gottliebs verbal directions, the Agencys Technical Services personnel sought out and destroyed every single MKULTRA record they could find. You see? (Used with the permission of the authors. The chemical was D-lysergic acid diethylamide, better known today as LSD. Olson was part of a team which was developing aerosol delivery systems for biological weapons that included staphylococcus enterotoxin, Venezuelan equine encephalo- myelitis, and anthrax. I kept thinking Harolds Club or Bust. Just west of Frostberg I turned south on Route 219. Mulholland requested instructions from the Agency on how he was to report this income to the Internal Revenue Service and what he should do if he were audited or questioned by the IRS. The two agents, who did not seem to have any prior knowledge about Lashbrook (CIA agent) or his work unit, interviewed him intensively and followed him around all day following Olsons death. A blunt force injury comes from impact with an object, lacking sharp edges, like a gun butt, a hammer or, in this instance, the 7th Avenue sidewalk. Do to His Father? Cournoyer affirmed that Frank Olson had returned from Germany during the summer of 1953 feeling troubled. Later, in the documentary aired on German TV, Cournoyer would elaborate, stating that the people [Olson] saw in Germany [at the CIA interrogation center] went to the extreme. I remember Ruwet saying, Your father was in New York and he had an accident. These examples would be given with varying situations and the ways to accommodate procedure to meet variations. And like bodies in motion around a distant, immense, and barely visible object, their destination was forever falling away from under them. Using a high-speed oscillating saw, we open the skull and remove the calvarium (the top of the skull above the brow ridges) so we can lift out the brain to examine and weigh it and examine the intra-cranial walls of the skull. He should be determined, courageous, intelligent, resourceful, and physically active. And among the services he performed would be the experiments on Kaczynski and his cohort. And Ted Kaczynski would participate. His undue concern over my investigation and its findings evidenced more than idle curiosity. The next step is to take a blood sample from the heart for drug and other subsequent tests, and then start taking the organs out, one by one, to examine and to weigh them. A memorandum circulated in September 1952 announced that the scope of the project was research and testing to arrive at, means of control rather than the more limited concept embodied in special interrogations. At a subsequent meeting of the ARTICHOKE steering committee, much time was taken up with discussions of LSD and on the possibility of concentrating on certain facilities in the United States as testing grounds for new ideas, experiments, etc., particularly using criminals and the criminally insane.. Suddenly, information so long denied the Olson family began to dribble in. Then there was operationMidnight Climax,in which prostitutes lured unsuspecting johns to a CIA bordello in San Francisco. For that matter, the (supposed) impetus for the program was the reported success of communist countries in brainwashing. The word itself originally applied to several soldiers whod fought in the Korean War who exhibited strange behavior and had large blank spots in their memoriesparticularly when it came to their travels through regions of Manchuria. He received steady funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, which had served as cover for his trip with Cantril to the Soviet Union for the CIA in 1958, and from the National Institute of Mental Health, also known to be a covert funding conduit. A little over a year ago we were contacted by one of our fathers oldest friends and closest colleagues at Detrick. It is now clear that, tinder controlled conditions, LSD is a relatively harmless drug. We took a $65,000 financial interest in this place of research around 23 February 1953, after the referenced incident occurred., The memorandum goes on to explain that following Lashbrooks telephone conversation, Gottlieb contacted the Pentagon officer the next day and advised him we did not want the Agencys name mentioned in connection with the case since we were in no way involved. The officer, according to the memo, assured Gottlieb that the Agency will not be mentioned and that he would keep us informed. The last several sentences of the memo read: Further information supplied by [officer] was that the lawyer [for the Blauer family] was a military man and had been advised the case involved military connections. We talked about the standard account of his fathers death and he shared with me his theory, one that will be tested by the New York district attorney. And on the Monday morning Frank did, indeed, tender his resignation, but his colleagues persuaded him to seek psychological counselling in New York. Roselli had risen to prominence in the Mob by taking over the Annenberg-Ragen wire service at Santa Anita, where Oswalds killer, Jack Ruby, sold a handicappers tip sheet. The notion of a Manchurian Candidate, the idea that someone could be programmed to make statements or commit actions contrary to their own will, bears a very complicated relationship to the Frank Olson story. Our mother passed away in 1993. After his death the Olson family was told that Frank Olsons body was too disfigured to be seen. Echoing todays fears, the report said the United States is particularly vulnerable to covert germ attack because enemy agents are present already in this country [and] there is no control exercised over the movements of people., Although it emphasized the threat to America, the report called for offensive capability. By night, CIA spy Morgan Hall metamorphosed into a drug-eating denizen of the bohemian coffeehouse scene. A run was an 1,800-gallon batch of anthrax mixture, grown in one of the 40-foot- high fermenters inside Building 470, which stands empty at Detrick, its demolition planned. His death was ruled an accidental drowning when water swamped his canoe. They all say the same thing: that [Olson] was pushed out of the window and did not jump. Why Mulholland decided to do this is a matter of some conjecture. Yet at the time, the family believed that full disclosure was finally at hand. [21], Gottlieb, whose goal was an operational guide that would be of use to agents in the real world, shared Mulhollands view that broadening its scope to include collaborative efforts by teams of operatives or by female agents was well worth the delay. Conceivably, this might be an unusually merciful agent of warfare: temporarily nullifying the individuals effectiveness, but not permanently damaging him., With all this in mind, the CIA decided to broaden ARTICHOKE. White always wanted to try everything himself, Feldman remembered. A few thoughts on the many questions this raises: The idea of placing one thing near another and then asserting (explicitly or implicitly) that the one has nothing to do with the other of course suggests Freuds comments about negation, where, due to the fact that the unconscious cannot represent a negative relationship, denial always implies affirmation. As Professor Starrs had once summed up the mystery, When you pull on the Frank Olson case you feel that something very big is pulling back.. On Nov. 24, concerned colleagues took him to New York to see a doctor, Harold Abramson, who had experimented with LSD. After that, he went back to his narcotics work, interrupting it in the early 1950s to become an investigator for the Serate committee headed by Sen. Estes Kefauver that looked into organized crime. There they slipped their clients an LSD mickey while Agency researchers savored the scientific action from behind a two-way mirror, a pitcher of martinis at the ready. He wrote all of those, more than three hundred Shadow novels in all. but there was blood everywhere: blood from his nose, blood from his eyes, blood from his ears, there was a bone protruding from his left arm, sticking straight out. Below is outlined what I believe is necessary adequately to cover instructions for the workers. That, at least, is the story that the public has come to know and that is recounted in this book. investigators that in Mulholland's presence, Olson became highly agitated. The Agency conducted 149 separate projects involving drug testing, behavior modification, and secret administration of mind-altering chemicals at 80 US and Canadian universities, hospitals, research foundations, and prisons. Starrs arranges to visit the Pennsylvania Hotel with Armand Pastore, the hotel manager who found Frank Olson that night. And when we were leaving he said, I guess you guys want to see Disneyland, right? After retiring, Gottlieb and his wife worked in a leprosy hospital in India for 18 months, then moved to a farm in Rappahannock, Virginia. The problem was that every time I turned over another rock, I discovered another snake.. While the general outlines of the program are by now generally known, the documents-which include descriptions of the tests themselves, memos from top CIA officials tracing the evolution of the projects, evaluations of the results-provide an interesting, close-up look at just what the CIA wanted to find out and to accomplish, andhow a defensive program turned into an offensive one that used many innocent citizens as guinea pigs. POISONED SKY, Screenplays: Informational, and not to plot to cover the tracks of persons responsible for Dr. Olsons death? But a July 20, 1953, entry by White strongly suggests Anslinger knew: Arrive Wash. confer Anslinger and Gottlieb re CIA reimbursement for 3 mens services.. By 1951, the Special Operations Division had won praise from a Pentagon committee for the the originality, imagination and aggressiveness it has displayed in devising means and mechanisms for the covert dissemination of bacteriological warfare agents.. The victim was Dr. Frank R. Olson, a 43-year-old civilian biochemist employed by the Army Medical Corps a tFort Detrick, Maryland. Even the nails are clipped or retained in full. But it was very disturbing to see that a CIA manual suggested the exact method of Frank Olsons death.. The first step involved a word by word examination of the New York City medical examiners report, rendered in 1953, on the death of Dr. Olson. A front-page story headlined Suicide Revealed zeroed in on a sensational item from the just-released report of the Rockefeller Commission, the first of the post-Watergate inquiries into CIA misdeeds. The extant record of Dr. Abramsons commitment to LSD in psychotherapy and his ministrations to Dr. Olson trembles with the disquieting possibility that Dr. Abramson might have given Dr. Olson an additional dose of LSD, under a misguided belief that it would relieve his symptoms of depression. The public first learned of MK-ULTRA in 1977, with the disclosure of thousands of classified documents and CIA testimony before a Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research chaired by Senator Edward Kennedy. The germ-spreaders were never challenged, the report noted: No terminal employee, passenger or visitor gave any outward indication of suspicion that something unusual was taking place.. Mulhollands manual had spelled out how to administer materials notably pills, liquids, and loose solids to unsuspecting victims through the tricks of the magicians trade. With gunshot wounds, the coroner looks for distinct patterns that indicate the type of weapon used, where the bullet entered and exited (if it did), and how far from the body the gun was when the shot occurred. Already there are indications that the international intelligence community is running scared. [ From reading Dr. Abramsons report it is not readily evident what the CIA wanted in particular to have in it.] On November 23, he went to New York and visited LSD researcher Harold A Abramson. According to a cousin, in the hospital when the blanket covering his feet was removed, his mother screamed. He espied a window shade sticking out through one of the windows in the upper floors a window that was broken. 41.18 And the end of all our exploring Colleagues were astonished to spot Olson chatting with the pacifists who protested outside Detricks gates. LSD can now be produced in quantity and recent technical developments make it possible to disseminate solids in an effective manner.. I would turn our gaze from the past, pronounced CIA Director George Tenet recently before Congress. And if I had not been so stuffy, so wedded to my faculty duties, I would have gone, too. If Ruwet is to be believed, Olson said he was ashamed to see his family in his present condition, and worried that he might become violent with his children. Man, its the dumbest idea I ever heard of., (Elmore Leonard, They become mirrors of their culture. I learned that most of this stuff was necessary for the United States, he said, and even though it may have hurt somebody in the beginning, in the long run it was important. Only two or three Agency officers at any time were cleared for access to Fort Detrick activities. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967-82). Firearms have other drawbacks. It was only two days before Thanksgiving, 1953 but, notwithstanding the importance of his family holiday he insisted he needed to leave for treatment. It has been eight years since the exhumation. Arson can cause accidental death if the subject is drugged and left in a burning building. Marks writes that he sought access to records of a branch of the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology, the Office of Research and Development (ORD), which took over behavioral (i.e., mind control) research after MK-ULTRAs staff dispersed. When Dr. Gibson read about the exhumation of Frank Olsons body he contacted Professor James Starrs, director of the forensic team, to tell his side of the story. The conclusion that both Starrs and Eric drew was that someone had knocked Olson out, either while he slept or after a struggle, and then thrown him out the window. The Rockefeller report added a footnote: ''There are indications in the few remaining agency records that this individual may have had a history of emotional instability.''. There may also be abrasions, or friction injuries that remove superficial layers of skin. It could not be learned from the diaries whether Anslinger knew that one of his top narcotics agents also was working for the CIA, in fact, was tape-recording and observing men to whom prostitutes gave drugs after picking them up in bars. It later turned out that he had received orders from the C.I.A. His principal responsibilities had been research to find a synthetic substitute for codeine (the government feared the U.S. might be cut off from all its usual sources of opium). . Rather than saving democracy, they created tools for coercion, and many people were hurt. The authors wrote that the drugs early use was among small groups of intellectuals at large Eastern and West Coast universities. 19.39 Published by Carol Pubishing Group [29]Memorandum for the Record,Reimbursement of Excess Federal Income Taxes to Mr. John Mulholland, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 15-24, February 24, 1955, authors files; Memorandum,Reimbursement for Excess Income Taxes, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 15-33, January 16, 1956, authors files, [30]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34,Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-46, October 1, 1954, authors files, [31]Some Operational Applications of the Art of Deception, Central Intelligence Agency, undated, p. 2, authors files, [32]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34,Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-46, October 1, 1954, authors files, [33]Memorandum for the Record,Definition of a Task under MKULTRA Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-39, August 25, 1955, authors files, [34]Memorandum for the Record,MKULTRA, Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-29, June 20, 1956, authors files, [35]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34A, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-26, August 31, 1956, authors files, [36]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Extension of Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-7, November 15, 1957, authors files, [37]Invoice Check List, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-48, authors files, [38]Memorandum for the Record, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 83-12, March 26, 1959, authors files, [39]U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee)Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report, Government Printing Office, 1975, pp.20-21, [42]Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Inspector General,Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro, CIA-IG, May 23, 1967, [43]Testimony of Admiral Stansfield Turner,Select Committee on Intelligence & the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 1977, pp. The CIAs original acid dream was that LSD would open the mind to suggestion, but they found the drug too potent to manage. 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